Digital signatures vs. E-signatures

The difference between digital signatures and electronic signatures?

Digital signatures are based on Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and are a result of a cryptographic operation that guarantees signer authenticity, data integrity and non-repudiation of signed documents. The digital signature cannot be copied, tampered or altered. In addition, because they are based on standard PKI technology, signatures made within one application (e.g. Microsoft Word, Adobe PDF) can be validated by others using the same applications. On the other hand, an electronic signature is a proprietary format (there is no standard for electronic signatures) that is an electronic data, such as a digitized image of a handwritten signature, a symbol, voiceprint, etc., that identifies the author(s) of an electronic message. Electronic signatures are vulnerable to copying and tampering, making forgery easy. In many cases, they are not legally binding and will require proprietary software to validate the signature.

What legislation and regulations define the legality of digital signatures?

In recent years, most countries worldwide have adopted legislation and regulations that recognize the legality of a digital signature (standard electronic signatures) and deem it a binding signature. And, regulations such as FDA 21 CFR Part 11 for the Life Sciences industry have also recognized digital signatures as a replacement for handwritten signatures.

Legislation

»	U.S. - Electronic Signature in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN)
»	U.S. - Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)- adopted by 48 states
»	U.S. - Digital Signature And Electronic Authentication Law (SEAL)
»	U.S. - Government Paperwork Elimination Act (GPEA)
»	U.S. - The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
»	Canada - Uniform Electronic Commerce Act (UECA)
»	UK - Electronic Communications Act 2000 (chapter 7)
»	Europe - EU Directive for Electronic Signatures (1999/93/EC)
»	Europe – EU VAT Directive
»	China - Electronic Signature Law of the People's Republic of China

For additional information on other countries, visit the Digital Signature Law Survey.

Industry Regulations and Standards

»	Life Sciences - FDA's 21 CFR Part 11
»	Healthcare - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPAA)
»	Homeland Security - Public Law 108-390
»	Finance - Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 (Gramm-Leach-Bliley)
»	Environmental - Cross-Media Electronic Reporting Regulation (CROMERR)
»	Public Companies - Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
»	BioPharma - Signatures and Authentication for Everyone (SAFE)
»	Veterinary/Equine - USDA EIA (Coggins) Testing
»	Aviation - FAA's CFR Title 14 - This includes support for: air carriers, operators, persons performing airmen certification, individuals performing maintenance or preventive maintenance, repair stations, and aviation maintenance technical schools.
»	European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
»	ISO (9001:2000)

today i want to share about what cyber law is...actually i just forgot to update to this blog, when i read mr sonny announce in mmls then i realize that i have few things to do before final exam..wuhuahau

Cyber Law is the law governing computers and the Internet.

In today's highly digitalized world, almost everyone is affected by cyber law. Let us take a few examples:

Almost all transactions in shares are in demat form.

*what is demat form??
here i explain it....demat form is refer to dematerialised account. just as to open an account with a bank if you want to save ur money, u need to open demat account if u want to sell or buy stock. So it just like bank account where actual money is replace by share.

Almost all companies extensively depend upon their computer networks and keep their valuable data in electronic form.

Government forms including income tax returns, company law forms etc are now filled in electronic form.

Consumers are increasingly using credit cards for shopping.
Most people are using email, cell phones and SMS messages for communication.
Even in "non-cyber crime" cases, important evidence is found in computers / cell phones e.g. in cases of divorce, murder, kidnapping, tax evasion, organized crime, terrorist operations, counterfeit currency etc.

Cyber crime cases such as online banking frauds, online share trading fraud, source code theft, credit card fraud, tax evasion, virus attacks, cyber sabotage, phishing attacks, email hijacking, denial of service, hacking, pornography etc are becoming common. Digital signatures and e-contracts are fast replacing conventional methods of transacting business.

today my housemate told me about CIMB was sent her an email for her to update the TAC account. then I was remembered that i was read a news about how online account holder got cheated by this scam email. i told my housemate do not follow what the email ask for or otherwise she will lost her money.

i log into SKMM to get more info bout this, but there is no update from them regarding to this matter..

cybersecurity

today i browse into cyber security website. i just want to know what cybersecuty is and what they already done. from what they said their purpose is to be a one stop coordination centre for all national cyber security initiatives with the aim to:

• Reduce vulnerability of ICT systems and networks.
• Nurture a culture of cyber security amongst users and critical sectors.
• Strengthen Malaysian self-reliance in terms of technology and human resources.

i dunno how much they reach their target...

court in Malaysia

i just remember one of my favourite subject during my secondary school a few years back..which is history... nobody like history subject in my class ( well science stream class..all the 'belagak' people pretend nak jadi doctor and engineer je) seriously i only got A1 for history in my SPM. but because of my english (only got 3B) i cannot enter any law course..wahaahaa forget all those sad story


today in my tutorial class, mr sonny ask everyone about his previous chapter. and he ask me about court system in Malaysia. and one miracle things happen..(ecehh konon laa kan) my mind sent a preview page from my form 5 history text book about layer court of malaysia..(hauhauha 8 thn lpas nye buku) and with all my confident I answered his question...then correct..hehehehe


ok! back to the point..here i wanna share bout court of Malaysia


The hierarchy of courts of Malaysia starts with the Magistrates Court as the first level followed by the High Court, Court of Appeal and the Federal Court of Malaysia, which is the highest level.


The High Court, Court of Appeal and the Federal Court are superior courts, while the Magistrates Court and the Sessions Court are subordinate courts.


There are also various other courts outside of the hierarchy. There are the Penghulu's Courts, the Syariah Courts and the Native Courts. A court, which is paralleled in jurisdiction with the Magistrates' Court, is the Juvenile Court.


Generally, there are two types of trials, namely criminal and civil

Legal Framework for Multimedia

This blog was created for my Legal Framework for Multimedia subject. This subject will be covered about any range of issues that effect multimedia industries.

For this first entry i dont have any topic to discuss about, but it doesn' t mean that I'll be stop here... just wait..